IO are not listed in NCCN section on recurrent glioblastoma and i9s under study. As such it is not accepted medical practice
properly within the range of appropriate medical practice under the standards of the case and by
the standards of a reasonably substantial, qualified, responsible, relevant segment of the medical
community or government oversight agencies at the time services were rendered. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), as a novel treatment modality, has transformed the field of oncology with unprecedented successes. However, the efficacy of ICI for patients with glioblastoma or brain metastases (BMs) from any tumor type is under debate. Brahm et al say: ” demonstrate limited efficacy in patients with glioblastoma or BMs. Future research should focus on increasing the local and systemic immunological responses in these patients.”.
Brahm CG, van Linde ME, Enting RH, et al. The Current Status of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Neuro-Oncology: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(3):586. Published 2020 Mar 4. doi:10.3390/cancers12030586
NCCN, CNS Tumors. Glio-5 2021
Lombardi G, Barresi V, Indraccolo S, et al. Pembrolizumab Activity in Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas with Partial or Complete Loss of Mismatch Repair Protein Expression: A Monocentric, Observational and Prospective Pilot Study. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(8):2283. Published 2020 Aug 14. doi:10.3390/cancers12082283