Many urine-based markers have been developed for the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer. Only five (NMP22, BTA stat, BTA TRAK, ImmunoCyt/uCyt+, and UroVysion) are FDA approved. CxBladder is available through dedicated Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–certified laboratories. Two studies evaluating patients’ perspectives demonstrated that a urine marker would need a sensitivity of 95% or greater to replace cystoscopy] Although multiple markers have been approved, current guidelines do not recommend their regular use in clinical practice. Results of large randomized studies of these markers are anticipated.
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